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Current Density
Current density is a fundamental concept in electromagnetism that describes how electric current is distributed through a given area. Rather than treating current as a simple scalar quantity flowing through a wire, current density allows…
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Compton Effect
The Compton effect is a phenomenon in which X-rays or high-energy photons scatter from electrons and emerge with lower energy than they initially had. This change in energy corresponds to an increase in the photon’s…
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Current
Electric current is the continuous flow of electric charge through a material, most commonly through a conductive substance such as a metal. At its core, current represents how much charge passes a given point in…
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Cohesive Force
Cohesive force is the internal attraction that holds molecules of the same substance together, allowing matter to maintain its structural integrity. It arises primarily from intermolecular forces such as Van der Waals attractions, hydrogen bonding,…
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Boltzmann Constant
The Boltzmann constant is one of the most fundamental constants in physics, linking the microscopic world of atoms and molecules to the macroscopic quantities we can measure, such as temperature, pressure, and energy. At its…
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Ampere’s Circuital Law
Ampere’s Circuital Law is one of the fundamental laws of electromagnetism, forming an integral part of Maxwell’s equations, which describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields. This law relates the magnetic field circulating around…
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Adhesive Force
Adhesive force is a physical phenomenon that governs how two different substances cling to one another when brought into contact. Unlike cohesive force, which binds molecules of the same substance together, adhesive force operates across…
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Absorptivity
Absorptivity represents one of the most essential physical attributes in radiation physics, thermal sciences, and material research. It characterizes the efficiency with which a surface or medium absorbs incoming radiant energy compared to the total…
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Ehrenfest Theorem
Ehrenfest’s theorem is a foundational result in quantum mechanics showing how the average, or expectation, values of quantum observables evolve in time in a way that resembles classical mechanics. It forms a conceptual bridge between…
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Absorption
Absorption is a fundamental physical process in which energy from a wave or particle is taken up by matter, transferring its energy to the atoms, molecules, or structure of the absorbing material. This process plays…